COMPREHENSIVE LIST OF ADJECTIVES

A aback abaft abandoned abashed aberrant abhorrent abiding abject ablaze able abnormal aboard aboriginal abortive abounding abrasive abrupt absent absorbed absorbing abstracted absurd abundant abusive acceptable accessible accidental accurate acid acidic acoustic acrid actually ad hoc adamant adaptable addicted adhesive adjoining adorable adventurous afraid aggressive agonizing agreeable ahead ajar alcoholic alert alike alive alleged alluring aloof amazing ambiguous ambitious amuck amused amusing ancient angry animated annoyed annoying anxious apathetic aquatic aromatic arrogant ashamed aspiring assorted astonishing attractive auspicious automatic available average awake aware awesome awful axiomatic	B bad barbarous bashful bawdy beautiful befitting belligerent beneficial bent berserk best better bewildered big billowy bite-sized bitter bizarre black black-and-white bloody blue blue-eyed blushing boiling boorish bored boring bouncy boundless brainy brash brave brawny breakable breezy brief bright bright broad broken brown bumpy burly bustling busy	C cagey calculating callous calm capable capricious careful careless caring cautious ceaseless certain changeable charming cheap cheerful chemical chief childlike chilly chivalrous chubby chunky clammy classy clean clear clever cloistered cloudy closed clumsy cluttered coherent cold colorful colossal combative comfortable common complete complex concerned condemned confused conscious cooing cool cooperative coordinated courageous cowardly crabby craven crazy creepy crooked crowded cruel cuddly cultured cumbersome curious curly curved curvy cut cute cute cynical	D daffy daily damaged damaging damp dangerous dapper dark dashing dazzling dead deadpan deafening dear debonair decisive decorous deep deeply defeated defective defiant delicate delicious delightful demonic delirious dependent depressed deranged descriptive deserted detailed determined devilish didactic different difficult diligent direful dirty disagreeable disastrous discreet disgusted disgusting disillusioned dispensable distinct disturbed divergent dizzy domineering doubtful drab draconian dramatic dreary drunk dry dull dusty dusty dynamic dysfunctional	E eager early earsplitting earthy easy eatable economic educated efficacious efficient eight elastic elated elderly electric elegant elfin elite embarrassed eminent empty enchanted enchanting encouraging endurable energetic enormous entertaining enthusiastic envious equable equal erect erratic ethereal evanescent evasive even excellent excited exciting exclusive exotic expensive extra-large extra-small exuberant exultant
F fabulous faded faint fair faithful fallacious false familiar famous fanatical fancy fantastic far far-flung fascinated fast fat faulty fearful fearless feeble feigned female fertile festive few fierce filthy fine finicky first five fixed flagrant flaky flashy flat flawless flimsy flippant flowery fluffy fluttering foamy foolish foregoing forgetful fortunate four frail fragile frantic free freezing frequent fresh fretful friendly frightened frightening full fumbling functional funny furry furtive future futuristic fuzzy	G gabby gainful gamy gaping garrulous gaudy general gentle giant giddy gifted gigantic glamorous gleaming glib glistening glorious glossy godly good goofy gorgeous graceful grandiose grateful gratis gray greasy great greedy green grey grieving groovy grotesque grouchy grubby gruesome grumpy guarded guiltless gullible gusty guttural	H habitual half hallowed halting handsome handsomely handy hanging hapless happy hard hard-to-find harmonious harsh hateful heady healthy heartbreaking heavenly heavy hellish helpful helpless hesitant hideous high highfalutin high-pitched hilarious hissing historical holistic hollow homeless homely honorable horrible hospitable hot huge hulking humdrum humorous hungry hurried hurt hushed husky hypnotic hysterical	I icky icy idiotic ignorant ill illegal ill-fated ill-informed illustrious imaginary immense imminent impartial imperfect impolite important imported impossible incandescent incompetent inconclusive industrious incredible inexpensive infamous innate innocent inquisitive insidious instinctive intelligent interesting internal invincible irate irritating itchy	J jaded jagged jazzy jealous jittery jobless jolly joyous judicious juicy jumbled jumpy juvenile
K kaput keen kind kindhearted kindly knotty knowing knowledgeable known	L labored lackadaisical lacking lame lamentable languid large last late laughable lavish lazy lean learned left legal lethal level lewd light like likeable limping literate little lively lively living lonely long longing long-term loose lopsided loud loutish lovely loving low lowly lucky ludicrous lumpy lush luxuriant lying lyrical	M macabre macho maddening madly magenta magical magnificent majestic makeshift male malicious mammoth maniacal many marked massive married marvelous material materialistic mature mean measly meaty medical meek mellow melodic melted merciful mere messy mighty military milky mindless miniature minor miscreant misty mixed moaning modern moldy momentous motionless mountainous muddled mundane murky mushy mute mysterious	N naive nappy narrow nasty natural naughty nauseating near neat nebulous necessary needless needy neighborly nervous new next nice nifty nimble nine nippy noiseless noisy nonchalant nondescript nonstop normal nostalgic nosy noxious null numberless numerous nutritious nutty	O oafish obedient obeisant obese obnoxious obscene obsequious observant obsolete obtainable oceanic odd offbeat old old-fashioned omniscient one onerous open opposite optimal orange ordinary organic ossified outgoing outrageous outstanding oval overconfident overjoyed overrated overt overwrought
P painful painstaking pale paltry panicky panoramic parallel parched parsimonious past pastoral pathetic peaceful penitent perfect periodic permissible perpetual petite petite phobic physical picayune pink piquant placid plain plant plastic plausible pleasant plucky pointless poised polite political poor possessive possible powerful precious premium present pretty previous pricey prickly private probable productive profuse protective proud psychedelic psychotic public puffy pumped puny purple purring pushy puzzled puzzling	Q quack quaint quarrelsome questionable quick quickest quiet quirky quixotic quizzical	R rabid racial ragged rainy rambunctious rampant rapid rare raspy ratty ready real rebel receptive recondite red redundant reflective regular relieved remarkable reminiscent repulsive resolute resonant responsible rhetorical rich right righteous rightful rigid ripe ritzy roasted robust romantic roomy rotten rough round royal ruddy rude rural rustic ruthless	S sable sad safe salty same sassy satisfying savory scandalous scarce scared scary scattered scientific scintillating scrawny screeching second second-hand secret secretive sedate seemly selective selfish separate serious shaggy shaky shallow sharp shiny shivering shocking short shrill shut shy sick silent silent silky silly simple simplistic sincere six skillful skinny sleepy slim slimy slippery sloppy slow small smart smelly smiling smoggy smooth sneaky snobbish snotty soft soggy solid somber sophisticated sordid sore sore sour sparkling special spectacular spicy spiffy spiky spiritual spiteful splendid spooky spotless spotted spotty spurious squalid square squealing squeamish staking stale standing statuesque steadfast steady steep stereotyped sticky stiff stimulating stingy stormy straight strange striped strong stupendous stupid sturdy subdued subsequent substantial successful succinct sudden sulky super superb superficial supreme swanky sweet sweltering swift symptomatic synonymous	T taboo tacit tacky talented tall tame tan tangible tangy tart tasteful tasteless tasty tawdry tearful tedious teeny teeny-tiny telling temporary ten tender tense tense tenuous terrible terrific tested testy thankful therapeutic thick thin thinkable third thirsty thirsty thoughtful thoughtless threatening three thundering tidy tight tightfisted tiny tired tiresome toothsome torpid tough towering tranquil trashy tremendous tricky trite troubled truculent true truthful two typical
U ubiquitous ugliest ugly ultra unable unaccountable unadvised unarmed unbecoming unbiased uncovered understood undesirable unequal unequaled uneven unhealthy uninterested unique unkempt unknown unnatural unruly unsightly unsuitable untidy unused unusual unwieldy unwritten upbeat uppity upset uptight used useful useless utopian utter uttermost	V vacuous vagabond vague valuable various vast vengeful venomous verdant versed victorious vigorous violent violet vivacious voiceless volatile voracious vulgar	W wacky waggish waiting wakeful wandering wanting warlike warm wary wasteful watery weak wealthy weary well-groomed well-made well-off well-to-do wet whimsical whispering white whole wholesale wicked wide wide-eyed wiggly wild willing windy wiry wise wistful witty woebegone womanly wonderful wooden woozy workable worried worthless wrathful wretched wrong wry

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TENSES

A; Affirmative

N; Negative

Q; Question

Simple Present

A: He speaks.
N: He does not speak.
Q: Does he speak?

• action in the present taking place once, never or several times
• facts
• actions taking place one after another
• action set by a timetable or schedule

Use Signal Words

always, every …, never, normally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually
if sentences type I (If I talk, …)

Present Progressive

A: He is speaking.
N: He is not speaking.
Q: Is he speaking?

• action taking place in the moment of speaking
• action taking place only for a limited period of time
• action arranged for the future

Use Signal Words

at the moment, just, just now, Listen!, Look!, now, right now

Simple Past

A: He spoke.
N: He did not speak.
Q: Did he speak?

• action in the past taking place once, never or several times
• actions taking place one after another
• action taking place in the middle of another action

Use Signal Words

yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday
if sentence type II (If I talked, …)

Past Progressive

A: He was speaking.
N: He was not speaking.
Q: Was he speaking?

• action going on at a certain time in the past
• actions taking place at the same time
• action in the past that is interrupted by another action

Use Signal Words

when, while, as long as

Present Perfect Simple

A: He has spoken.
N: He has not spoken.
Q: Has he spoken?

• putting emphasis on the result
• action that is still going on
• action that stopped recently
• finished action that has an influence on the present
• action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking

Use Signal Words

already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now

Present Perfect Progressive

A: He has been speaking.
N: He has not been speaking.
Q: Has he been speaking?

• putting emphasis on the course or duration (not the result)
• action that recently stopped or is still going on
• finished action that influenced the present

Use Signal Words

all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week

Past Perfect Simple

A: He had spoken.
N: He had not spoken.
Q: Had he spoken?

• action taking place before a certain time in the past
• sometimes interchangeable with past perfect progressive
• putting emphasis only on the fact (not the duration)

Use Signal Words

already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day
if sentence type III (If I had talked, …)

Past Perfect Progressive

A: He had been speaking.
N: He had not been speaking.
Q: Had he been speaking?

• action taking place before a certain time in the past
• sometimes interchangeable with past perfect simple
• putting emphasis on the duration or course of an action

Use Signal Words

for, since, the whole day, all day

Future I Simple

A: He will speak.
N: He will not speak.
Q: Will he speak?

• action in the future that cannot be influenced
• spontaneous decision
• assumption with regard to the future

Use Signal Words

in a year, next …, tomorrow
If-Satz Typ I (If you ask her, she will help you.)
assumption: I think, probably, perhaps

Future I Simple

(going to)

A: He is going to speak.
N: He is not going to speak.
Q: Is he going to speak?

• decision made for the future
• conclusion with regard to the future

Use Signal Words

 in one year, next week, tomorrow

Future I Progressive

A: He will be speaking.
N: He will not be speaking.
Q: Will he be speaking?

• action that is going on at a certain time in the future
• action that is sure to happen in the near future

Use Signal Words

in one year, next week, tomorrow

Future II Simple

A: He will have spoken.
N: He will not have spoken.
Q: Will he have spoken?

• action that will be finished at a certain time in the future

Use Signal Words

by Monday, in a week

Future II Progressive

A: He will have been speaking.
N: He will not have been speaking.
Q: Will he have been speaking?

• action taking place before a certain time in the future
• putting emphasis on the course of an action

Use Signal Words

for …, the last couple of hours, all day long

Conditional I Simple

A: He would speak.
N: He would not speak.
Q: Would he speak?

• action that might take place

Use Signal Words

if sentences type II
(If I were you, I would go home.)

Conditional I Progressive

A: He would be speaking.
N: He would not be speaking.
Q: Would he be speaking?

• action that might take place
• putting emphasis on the course / duration of the action

  Conditional II Simple

A: He would have spoken.
N: He would not have spoken.
Q: Would he have spoken?

• action that might have taken place in the past

Use Signal Words

if sentences type III
(If I had seen that, I would have helped.)

Conditional II Progressive

A: He would have been speaking.
N: He would not have been speaking.
Q: Would he have been speaking?

• action that might have taken place in the past
• puts emphasis on the course / duration of the action

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CONTRACTIONS

I am               = I’m

I have             = I’ve

I will              = I’ll

I shall             = I’ll

I would           = I’d

I had              = I’d

You are          = You’re

You have       = You’ve

You will         = You’ll

You shall        = You’ll

You would     = You’d

You had         = You’d

He is               = He’s

He has            = He’s

He will           = He’ll

He shall          = He’ll

He would       = He’d

He had           = He’d

She is             = She’s

She has          = She’s

She will         = She’ll

She would     = She’d

She had          = She’d

We are           = We’re

We have        = We’ve

We will         = We’ll

We shall         = We’ll

We would      = We’d

We had          = We’d

They are        = They’re

They have      = They’ve

They will       = They’ll

They shall      = They’ll

They would   = They’d

They had       = They’d

Can not           = Can’t

Could not       = Couldn’t

Will not         = Won’t

Is not              = Isn’t

Are not           = Aren’t

Was not         = Wasn’t

Would not      = Wouldn’t

Shall not        = Shan’t

Should not     = Shouldn’t

Might not      = Mightn’t

Must not        = Mustn’t

Need not        = Needn’t

Ought not      = Oughtn’t

Dare not         = Daren’t

It is                 = It’s

It has              = It’s

It will             = It’ll

That will        = That’ll

That would    = That’d

There is          = There’s

Where is        = Where’s

Were not        = Weren’t

Do not            = Don’t

Does not         = Doesn’t

Did not          = Didn’t

Have not        = Haven’t

Has not          = Hasn’t

Had not          = Hadn’t

Of the clock   = O’clock

Here is           = Here’s

What is          = What’s

Who would    = Who’d

Who had        = Who’d

How is           = How’s

That is           = That’s

Who is           = Who’s

Who has        = Who’s

Who will       = Who’ll

Who would   = Who’d

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THE INTERJECTION

Interjection is a word, phrase, or a collection of sounds that are used to express feelings or emotions spontaneous / surprise, such as feeling happy, sad, surprise, passion, and so forth. It must be remembered that the grammatical interjection is not related to other words in a sentence.

For example:

Hello! What are you doing?

Ah! Has she gone?

Oh! I forgot to bring a pen.

Another interjection:

Oh my! (Astaga!)

Ha! (Ha!)

Bravo! (Bagus, baik sekali!)

Shame on you! (Tak tahu malu!)

What a shame! (Sungguh memalukan!)

Alack! (Aduh!)

Heigh-ho! (Sudahlah!)

Look! (Lihat!)

Hark! (Dengarlah!)

Fie! (Cih! Tahu malulah!)

Bosh! (Omong kosong!)

Pooh! (Cih! Bah!)

Aha! (Aha!)

Hey! (he!)

Hi! (Hai!)

Dammit! (Celaka!)

Well! (Baiklah!)

Hear! (Dengarlah!)

Terrible! (Mengerikan!)

Quickly! (Cepat!)

Oh dear! (Astaga!)

Dear me! (Astaga!)

Well-done! (Baik sekali!)

Fool! (Bodoh!)

Dunce! (Bodoh!)

Good Lord! (Ya, Allah!)

God Heavens! (Masya Allah!)

Gracious! (Astaga!)

Have no fear! (Jangan khawatir!)

Goodness knows! (Tuhanlah yang tahu!)

Just my luck! (Sialan!)

Worse luck! (Sialan!)

Hell! (Persetan!)

Poor thing! (Kasihan!)

Thank God! (Alhamdulillah!)

How beautiful! (Alangkah cantiknya!)

What a pity! (Sayang sekali!)

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