THE INTERJECTION

Interjection is a word, phrase, or a collection of sounds that are used to express feelings or emotions spontaneous / surprise, such as feeling happy, sad, surprise, passion, and so forth. It must be remembered that the grammatical interjection is not related to other words in a sentence.

For example:

Hello! What are you doing?

Ah! Has she gone?

Oh! I forgot to bring a pen.

Another interjection:

Oh my! (Astaga!)

Ha! (Ha!)

Bravo! (Bagus, baik sekali!)

Shame on you! (Tak tahu malu!)

What a shame! (Sungguh memalukan!)

Alack! (Aduh!)

Heigh-ho! (Sudahlah!)

Look! (Lihat!)

Hark! (Dengarlah!)

Fie! (Cih! Tahu malulah!)

Bosh! (Omong kosong!)

Pooh! (Cih! Bah!)

Aha! (Aha!)

Hey! (he!)

Hi! (Hai!)

Dammit! (Celaka!)

Well! (Baiklah!)

Hear! (Dengarlah!)

Terrible! (Mengerikan!)

Quickly! (Cepat!)

Oh dear! (Astaga!)

Dear me! (Astaga!)

Well-done! (Baik sekali!)

Fool! (Bodoh!)

Dunce! (Bodoh!)

Good Lord! (Ya, Allah!)

God Heavens! (Masya Allah!)

Gracious! (Astaga!)

Have no fear! (Jangan khawatir!)

Goodness knows! (Tuhanlah yang tahu!)

Just my luck! (Sialan!)

Worse luck! (Sialan!)

Hell! (Persetan!)

Poor thing! (Kasihan!)

Thank God! (Alhamdulillah!)

How beautiful! (Alangkah cantiknya!)

What a pity! (Sayang sekali!)

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SHORT ANSWER

In English does not give a full answer to a question.

Quick answers used in conversation to avoid repetition. Quick answers consist of the following elements.

The positive response / affirmative structure:

Yes + Pronoun + Auxiliary (anomalous finite)

Is it your pen? Yes, it is.

Did he get the tickets? Yes, he did.

Negative structure

No + Pronoun + (auxiliary + n’t)

Is it your pen? No, it isn’t.

Did he get the tickets? No, he didn’t.

1.     To state approval and disapproval

Auxiliary verb is usually used to express approval or disapproval of our above remarks, comments, or views of the people must make. When there is no auxiliary in the sentence, we use:

Does: as the main verb for third person singular in present tense.

Do: as a substitute for the main verb for all other cases in the present tense.
Did: as the main verb instead of to all cases in the past tense.

a.      If we want to express approval of the statement affirmative, we use the wording: yes/so/of course + pronoun+ auxiliary. We use

Yes for the simple agreement.

So to surprise or shock

Of course for something that is obvious.

It’s very hot today                   Yes, it is

Children like playing               Of course they do

He has left already                   So he has

b.  If we want to express approval for a negative statement, we use the wording: No + pronoun + (auxiliary + not).

She isn’t beautiful                    No, she isn’t

She didn’t sing well                 No, she didn’t

c.    If we want to express disagreement with the statement affirmative. We use wording : No or Oh no + pronoun + (auxiliary + n’t). But we can use to refute the notion and the statement.

Jakarta is the capital of Malaysia. Oh no, it isn’t.

He can swim. No, he can’t.

d.     if we want to express disapproval or denial on the negative statements, we use the wording: Yes or oh yes or (oh) but + pronoun + auxiliary.

2.                 Additional for statement

a.  Additional affirmative for affirmative statement. So + auxiliary + subject.

                          Budi has a car. So have I.

                          He is very active. So is his wife.

b.     Additional negative for negative statements. Nor/neither + auxiliary + subject.

      You didn’t come early. Neither did you.

      Dewi isn’t very pretty. Nor is her sister.

c. Additional negative affirmative statement. But + Subject + (auxiliary+n’t)

I was listening. But he wasn’t.

A cow has a long tail. But a camel hasn’t.

d. Additional affirmative the negative statement. But + Subject + auxiliary

He won’t help you. But I will.

They don’t enjoy music. But we do. 

Note:
If there is no auxiliary in the statement, use do, does, or did.

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PHRASES

Phrase is a group of two or more words that acts as a simple part of a speech. The phrase is a group of related words and does not contain a subject or a predicate. Phrase cannot stand alone as a grammatical unit.

Type of phrases

1.     Noun Phrases
Noun phrase is a noun and modifier. Noun phrases are a group of nouns that serves as a noun. Noun phrase answer questions about what / what.

She has broken two of my best glasses.

Some of the mangoes were rotten.

2.     Adjective Phrase
Adjective phrases are phrases that function as adjectives.

She sent me a basket full of mangoes.

Group of word full of mangoes give characteristic to noun phrases a basket.

Notice the adjective phrases below

Adjective	Adjective Phrases
A purple cloak (mantel ungu) A white elephant (gajah putih) A blank page (halaman kosong)	A cloak of purple color (mantel yang berwarna ungu) An elephant with a white skin (gajah berkulit putih) A page with no writing on it (halaman yang tidak ada tulisan di atasnya)

3.     Adverb Phrases
Adverb phrases are phrases that function as adverbs.

She waited for him for a long time.

 Notice the adverbs and adverb phrases

Adverb	Adverb Phrases
Quickly (dengan cepat) Carelessly (dengan sembrono) Here (disini)	With great speed (dengan kecepatan tinggi) Without any care (tanpa ketelitian) On this spot (di tempat ini)

4.     Verb phrases

Verb phrase consists of the main verb and auxiliary verb. Verb phrases function as a verb in a sentence. Therefore, it covers the main verb / subject, any auxiliary verb, and modifier-modifier.

I will be flying tomorrow.

Budi has spent all the money that you have earned.

5.     Participle Phrases

Participle phrases are phrases that contain a present participle or past participle and the modifier, which functions as an adjective. This phrase can be formed from a verb present participle (-ing form) and from the past participle (-ed form, the verb form of regular, or irregular).

Realizing the danger, the driver stepped on the brake.

The book lost in pile was mine.

6.     Infinitive Phrase

Infinitive is the simplest form of a verb, usually preceded by to.

Infinitive phrase includes an infinitive with its modifier, subject or object. It can be used as an adjective, adverb, or noun.

He is quitting to find a better job.

7.     Gerund Phrases

Gerund phrases consisting of a verb-ing when its function as a noun, along with the subject. The function of gerund phrases is a noun.

I love doing the job well.

Chopping wood is hard work.

8.     Prepositional Phrases

Prepositional phrases are combined with a preposition and its object any modifier. Preposition phrase often indicates a relationship in time or space. This phrase always begins with a preposition that functioning as an adjective or adverb in the clause.

After the meeting, the managers went to the restaurant.

Don’t lie on the floor.

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